Communicative Language Teaching ( Clt ) Approach - 1367 Words

The field of second language learning has undergone, in the past few decades, many changes. Nonetheless, from a variety of methods that have come and gone, one has been adopted as pioneer, which is the Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach. Nowadays, in fact, Communicative Language Teaching is one of the most common teaching methods adopted by teachers of second and foreign languages all over the world. Its origin can be found in the late 1960s early 1970s in the British academic system, which was undergoing a serious of changes that reflected, none other than, the changes that were occurring in society. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of what Communicative Language Teaching is, what are its main distinguishing and†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, American linguists, based on Chomsky’s language acquisition theory and concept of linguistic competence, started rejecting the Oral Approach. This was the contingent cause for a shift in Britainà ¢â‚¬â„¢s language teaching method, SLT. In fact, also Britain’s linguists began questioning SLT’s practical and theoretical foundations. Therefore, both Chomsky’s studies as well as the criticality British linguists had towards the more traditional methodologies led to the advent of the Communicative Language Teaching approach. This approach was very advanced for the time. It revolutionised the strategies of language learning and also changed the role of the language teachers as well as the language learners. In contrast with some of the methodologies previously adopted, its main goal is to teach the scholars the ability to communicate. Thereby, Communicative Language Teaching bases itself upon the concept of language competence, which is considered the actual basis of proficiency in a language. Hence, teaching activities involve students in real-life communicative situations in which the communicative task is of more importance than the grammatical accuracy. Other exercises such as games, songs, problem solving and role-plays also are used in classrooms. It must be said that each of these activities are sowed on the learners needs, therefore, if the class

Job Satisfaction And Motivation For Employees Essay

Managers can develop subordinates to manage routine tasks that are not cost effective for them to carry out. Delegation also allows the transfer of work to subordinates who might have better skills than the manager to complete the tasks that can save time. The reason can be for example the delegation of a project to an employee that have intimate knowledge of a specific field or subject that involves the project. Apart from developing employees, delegation can also play an important role in job satisfaction and motivation. 7.1 Diagram: Steps in successful delegation Source: Team FME, 2015:12 According to Team FME, (2015:12) managers must follow certain steps to ensure that delegation is meaningful in terms of achievement of the organisations objectives and supportive of the employee’s development. These steps include; Step 1 - Selecting the right person with the right knowledge, skills and attributes is essential. Delegation should be developmental and not set the employee up for failure (Fox and Van der Waldt, 2007:121). Step 2 – Set clear goals and select appropriate tasks. There are certain tasks that cannot be delegated to subordinates for example, a task that no else in the department is prepared to do, morale problems, emergency or short term task where there is no time to explain or train the employee or lastly personnel issues such as hiring , dismissal or disciplinary matters. 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The Crucible Socratic Seminar free essay sample

Mary enters Act II feeling weak, sad and guilty. This is first represented when she gives Elizabeth the poppet that she had hand-sewed. As the play advances, Mary breaks down in sobs while telling the Proctors about the proceedings she witnessed that day. Later, due to her strong sense of shame, Mary agrees to testify against Abigail in the high court with John. Seeing so many falsely accused people caused her to feel severely emotionally damaged, leading up to the drama of Act III. As the trial proceeds in Act III, Mary becomes overwhelmed with fear, making her unable to explain herself and what actually happened. Fear begins to consume more and more of her. Afraid that she will die, Mary breaks under the pressure. She found it easier to lie and survive, rather than tell the truth and die. Her accusation of John being â€Å"the Devil’s man† ultimately changes the Proctor’s lives forever. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible Socratic Seminar or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page John and Elizabeth cannot see their children grow up. John feels shameful that his name has been blackened. Yet it makes John and Elizabeth’s relationship grow stronger, because they both start to appreciate the other more, apologize for their mistakes, and forgive each other. 2. John takes pride in his name. He cares about his reputation of not only him as a Proctor, but his children too. But when he realizes that admitting to adultery is the only way he can break off Abigail’s power, he recognizes that the goodness of the town and its people is more important than blackening his name. John’s decides to confess in Act IV because he does not want his children to grow up without a father, and he does not want Elizabeth to live without a supporting husband. His personal integrity causes him to renounce his confession. He does not want to blacken his name any more than it already has been. And after seeing Rebecca Nurse, he realizes that he would rather die an honest man than live as a liar. This decision shows a maturity in John that he did not have before. 3. Elizabeth in Act II is portrayed as cold woman who is still suspicious of her husband. As the play continues though, the audience starts to see that the reason she is so bitter is because she truly loves and cares about John. This is portrayed when she lies in Act III. It is revealed by John that Elizabeth never lies. So, when she lies at the trial, she does so thinking that she is protecting John. In Act IV, Elizabeth comes to realize that â€Å"It needs a cold wife to prompt lechery†. She shows that she has forgiven him. John is influenced by Elizabeth’s constant virtuous truth. It makes him see that he would rather die honest than live as a liar. This creates a sense of peace in Elizabeth, knowing that he has learned from his mistake, and that he has finally found â€Å"goodness†. 4. In Acts I and II, Hale feels that he is a knowledgeable man. He has confidence that he can bring God to any which he encounters. But, as Act III unfolds, he starts to see the Proctor’s truism and Mary’s emotionally compromised and damaged soul. This is why he starts to doubt himself, his decisions, and the accusations he has made. He realizes that he was the driving force behind the witch trials. He goes from an over-confident man to a broken one. He starts to question all the witchcraft accusations he has previously made and future ones made by other people. He also looses faith in the justice of the law. He is seeking a guilt-free conscience, so I think that during his life after the trials, he is going to strengthen his relationship with God. He will want to know the truth of all the decisions he made in his life, and whether or not they were the right thing to do.

What is the difference between a court and a tribu Essays

What is the difference between a court and a tribunal? Rules of evidence are sacred to courts while tribunals adopt a relaxed approach to these rules In courts, people rarely get a chance to speak and most of the talking is done by lawyers. On the other hand, tribunals encourage people to stand up and speak and lawyers have little role to play in the settlement of disputes. Courts have the power to adjudicate in a variety of cases whereas tribunals specialize in a particular area. Explain the functions of the International Criminal Court. The functions are committing crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. What are the differences between the International criminal court and the international court of Justice? The International Criminal Court can prosecute Individuals that committed war, Humanity and genocide crimes. The international Court of Justice is the judiciary branch of the UN, and cannot prosecute individual, the court only resolve controversies that arose between countries that are members of UN, it can only impose sanctions for the sentenced country. Why do we need international courts or tribunals? International courts and tribunals are a very important component of the international system because of their role and contributions to ensuring accountability of individuals and of states for internationally wrongful acts which violate basic human rights and endanger international peace and security. What crimes are generally prosecuted in the International Criminal Court? The core crimes under international law are genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the crime of aggression.

Truancy Essay Example For Students

Truancy Essay Absenteeism is a common problem encountered by teachers and others who work in the field of education. There are many reasons why some children fall into a pattern of repeated absence from school. In a number of cases, willful absence can be traced to an alienation from schooling due to poor achievement, family circumstances or behavioral causes. In some cases, parents or children simply defy the requirement to participate. This area is one in which the need for partnership between school and family is greatest. While many schools provide successful alternative programs or absenteeism intervention strategies, there will be cases where, despite the best efforts of schools and parents, the children stay away. It is clear that any unauthorized absence is of concern because of the valuable educational time which is lost and because the absence of some children is associated with inappropriate behavior in the community. Different types of absenteeism will be discussed during this essay bu t the main focus will be directed at truancy in which the causes and remedies will be evaluated. The different types of absenteeism is truancy, exclusion, school closure, school phobia or other absences due to illness or bad behavior (teachers sending pupils out of class due to poor behavior). Although children who are sent outside the class are not entirely absent from the school, this can be identified as absence as they are not participating in class. It seems that none of the various Education Acts defines truancy and nor is this lack supplied the case laws. Nor indeed have the various researchers agreed a definition. Must every child who is absent from school for whatever be classified as a truant? This is the opinion of Reynolds and Murgatroyed (1977 – cited in Galloway, 1985). The definition of truancy can be narrowed down by suggesting that a child who plays truant is absent from school without leave, so excluding those children who are certified or accepted as too il l to attend. This still includes those children who are absent with leave given by their parents or who are actually kept at home by their parents (Galloway (1982)). The definition of truancy can also be narrowed by Tyerman (1968), who reserves the term for children who are absent from school purely on their own initiative (Tyerman This is the definition adopted by Galloway (1985). However, Hersov (1977) goes still further dividing from truants, â€Å"school phobics† and school refusers, many of whom depending on how they are in turn defined will be absent on their own initiative. Since the term has been given different meanings by different writers, the literature cannot be regarded as dealing with an homogeneous subject. Conclusions reached in one study of truants cannot automatically be regarded as supported or disputed by conclusions reached in another. It is clear that care must first be taken to ensure that the same or at least a similar definition has been given to tru ancy. There is a large body of literature, going back at least into the last century seeking to explain truancy in terms of failings among children and their families (eg Kline, 1989; Healy, 1915). In the 1920’s, Burt (Tyerman, 1968) elaborated the first concept of â€Å"school phobia† by describing how some children stayed away from schools that had been used by them and their parents as air raid shelters during the great war. They associated school with fear of death and became â€Å"neurotic† when compelled to go there. During the 1930’s, there were the psychoanalytic theories of Broadwin (Tyerman, 1968), relating truancy to various complexes. These earlier theories were not long accepted, if at all. Broadwin can be criticised for having reasoned from premises that were by no means certain to conclusions that he made little attempt to verify by empirical research. Burt’s earliest concept of school phobia could not have lasted beyond the middle 1 920’s, and may have been an attempt less to explain truancy than to attract larger government funding for it’s treatments through the use of fashionable semi – medical terms. Even so, the tradition was set. Since then, many researchers have devoted themselves to discovering what is wrong with the personalities or backgrounds or both of those children who play truant. It is clear that school phobia was observed as being very different from truancy. It was accepted that the family background of a truant is believed to be equally unfortunate. They are said to come predominantly from poor families, where the father, if actually present and working has a job with low earnings and low status and low security (Tyerman, 1968, Farrington, 1980 ; Reid, 1986). They live usually in the inner cities, in bad and overcrowded properties (Tyerman, 1968; Galloway, 1980). There is a tendency for truancy their parents not to care about functuality or attendance or homework. Other f actors that can lead to truancy is based on unfavorable external circumstances where the educational pressures have been too high for a dull child or where the child’s own expectations are too high and they feel that they are not learning anything at school (Reid, 1986). Whether as by the teachers interviewed by Farrington (1980) we regard truants in a moralistic light, or as the pitiable victims of circumstances, the conclusions reached by this line of research are straight forward. If children play truant, it is because they are for various reasons unable to cope with school. Truancy is their problem, and any attempt to stop them from playing truant must be concerned with readjusting them. However, this whole line research has been challenged. Carroll et al (1977), looking at schools in South Wales, doubt if children or their backgrounds can be the sole or even the principle cause of truancy. Reynolds and Murgatroyed (1977) are careful to show that the schools served a rela tively homogeneous community with very small differences in the social class composition of the people who live in the catchment areas of the different schools. Yet the study finds that patterns of deviancy and attendance vary greatly between different schools within this homogeneous catchment area. The suggestion is that the schools themselves play at least some parts in causing these variable rates. Rutter (1979), investigating 12 Inner London schools reach much the same conclusion. This research has been questioned. Galloway (1985) draws attention to the small numbers of pupils examined in the Carroll study ranging between 17 and 60. His main objection though is that there may have been a significant heterogeneity in the social backgrounds of the children despite the care taken to show their homogeneity. He concedes that there may be some truth in the results but stresses what he believes are the methodological difficulties in demonstrating the differences between schools are due to factors within the schools and not to factors in their catchment areas. â€Å"Another reason, though why such research is often questioned indeed why it forms so small a part of the total of the research into truancy is that it disturbs many of the researchers most basic assumptions. It has been suggested that irrespective of how good the evidence may be, the choice of where mainly to seek evidence has been prompted by considerations other than pure academic curiosity. There is the persistent belief that schooling is good. Reynolds et. Al (1980) suggested how hard it is, on ideological grounds for many educational researchers to accept that it may not be good. This reluctance may at times have been increased by professional self – interest. Reynolds et. al (1980) for example describes how what might have been an interesting survey at how schools generate delinquency was frustrated in the 1971 by the Inner London Educational Authority and the National Union of Teachers wo rking together: non – cooperation, coupled with threats of industrial action ensured that the research was cut short. Yet there is a body of theoretical and empirical literature that looks at school itself as a cause of truancy. Cloward and Ohlin (1961) regard truancy as part of a wider delinquency caused by â€Å"blocked opportunity† within school. Working class children begin their school careers reasonably confident about their aims and ambitions in life but the middle class bias of school tends to denigrate these aims and ambitions and to push others in their place the children dislike but lack the sophistication consciously to examine and reject. The result is a disaffection with school and it’s ideals that can result in delinquency. Cicourel and Kituse (1963) look more to the structure of relationships within school between teachers and pupils, how these progressively erode the self – esteem of working class pupils and produce feelings of inferiorit y that again, lead to delinquent behavior. Such broadly is the view taken by Carson, Gleeson and Wardhaugh (1992). They accept the traditional description of truants as children with what are normally defined as â€Å"problems† but go on to claim that the whole present structure of society, and not only schools are responsible for truancy. In his first study of the subject, O’Keefe (1981) divides truancy into two types. This is â€Å"blanket† truancy, where the child stays completely away from school and which has been the only object of much study. Then there is post – registration truancy where the child is marked officially present at school but is subsequently absent from school / all lessons. He suggests that while no systematic research had yet been done here, such truancy is on a huge scale. Moreover, according to Stoll and O’keefe (1989) the scale of post registration truancy escalated throughout the 1980’s. They cite a spot check wa s repeated on the same pupils. Their average attendance had declined to 61 per cent. Starting in 1985, Stoll and O’keefe headed a three year research project to identify the scale and causes of both blanket and post registration truancy. They concluded that post registration truancy is the most common type and it’s causes are â€Å"principally a curricular issue†. It is clear that various factors encourage truancy and that literature does not point a finger at one particular factor such as ‘social, psychological or institutional). What is important is finding strategies to help deal with truancy and there is clearly a need for changes in the family, school, or social situation in which the child lives to bring about better attendance. Various projects have been implemented by educationalists, social workers, the police, lawyers and other professionals to solve the truancy problem. Remedies used to combat truancy include Whole – school policies and i ntervention schemes, home – school partnership programs, truancy patrols and Care orders. Looking at the Whole – school policies and intervention schemes it is possible to suggest that studies by Jones (1983) and Gupta (1990) which focus on the improvement of school attendance demonstrate the effectiveness of a Whole – school policy. The strategies adopted include an evaluation of the curriculum, providing methods of building up positive self – image, improves interpersonal relationships and responsibility, encourages home – school partnership, providing an effective communication system, effective management of attendance, effective anti – bullying and special educational needs policies and professional development programs. The policies also tend to help those with ‘alternative needs’ who struggle to keep up in class. The policies enforces allowances to be made for individual differences. It caters for the very able, encourage s continuous development of the curriculum, requires differentiation to be practiced with all year groups, puts forward the enhancement of the of all pupil’s achievements, requires an evaluation of the role of the teacher and encourages a flexible approach to learning (Le Riche, 1995). Other school based strategies include managing attendance with reference to the duties of form tutors, subject teachers, the pastoral staff and the senior management team. Other preventative measures include interviewing individual pupils, and providing short and long term counseling sessions for both parents and pupils. Overall it is important to provide an atmosphere of a pupil friendly school so that pupils enjoy being in school and in that way pupils do not avoid school. Home – school partnership programs focuses on the involvement of parents and provides them with the right to be consulted about the development of their children. It is clear that when pupils see the collaboration o f home and school they are likely to cooperate. Home visits take place, there are interview’s with parents and pupils, whole year activities such as assertiveness training, small group work with the educational welfare officer etc. As stated earlier during this essay, the family may be the cause of truancy therefore if the parents are involved and helped then truancy could be remedied. Truancy patrols involves truancy watch schemes. John Patten encouraged education authorities to set up such schemes as he believed that enlisting the help of the local community would reduce the number of truants roaming the streets (Le Riche, 1995). Such a scheme brought about much debate as it was difficult to figure out who can or should approach the young people roaming the streets during school hours. It is obvious that the police are suitable for such a job. Care Orders seems to be effective as it provides young people with the realization that their parents, teachers and EWO’s tak e prompt action when they are caught truanting. Although truancy is not a criminal offence on the child personally but the parents may be prosecuted for failing to ensure their child attends school. Ruddic and Wood (1990) have found court orders to be an extremely effective tool for dealing with the problem of absenteeism in schools. However, Reid (1986) and Harris (1989) regard it as a last resort. Reid’s and Harris’s view suggests that ‘tougher legal sanctions or the greater use of them will not necessarily cause the underlying problems to disappear’ (Reid (1986) and Harris (1989), cited in Le Riche, 1995: 81). In conclusion it would be possible to suggest that truancy is a serious problem that needs to be seriously considered by all members of society. Various causes have been put forward by a large amount of literature. Of course not everyone will agree with the causes mentioned but by examining them there is a possibility that all of them are valid. R emedies that involve the parents seem to be extremely effective as the parent’s awareness can surely play a big part in combating the problem as usually a lot of parents are unaware of their children’s school life. It is also obvious that if the school improves the atmosphere and teaching methods than the pupils are more likely to want to go to school. A good teacher – pupil relationship is also important and can ensure better school attendance Truancy is the first sign of trouble and the first indicator that a young person is giving up and losing his or her way. When pupils start skipping school than they are telling their parent’s, school officials and the community at large that they are in trouble and need help if they are to move forward in life. Bibliography:Tyerman, Maurice J. Truancy. U of Chicago Press, 1984. .udd11b25573d022c046e81adc78c28d83 , .udd11b25573d022c046e81adc78c28d83 .postImageUrl , .udd11b25573d022c046e81adc78c28d83 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udd11b25573d022c046e81adc78c28d83 , .udd11b25573d022c046e81adc78c28d83:hover , .udd11b25573d022c046e81adc78c28d83:visited , .udd11b25573d022c046e81adc78c28d83:active { border:0!important; } .udd11b25573d022c046e81adc78c28d83 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udd11b25573d022c046e81adc78c28d83 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udd11b25573d022c046e81adc78c28d83:active , .udd11b25573d022c046e81adc78c28d83:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udd11b25573d022c046e81adc78c28d83 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udd11b25573d022c046e81adc78c28d83 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udd11b25573d022c046e81adc78c28d83 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udd11b25573d022c046e81adc78c28d83 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udd11b25573d022c046e81adc78c28d83:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udd11b25573d022c046e81adc78c28d83 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udd11b25573d022c046e81adc78c28d83 .udd11b25573d022c046e81adc78c28d83-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udd11b25573d022c046e81adc78c28d83:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Multiple Personalities Essay We will write a custom essay on Truancy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

MCAS essays

MCAS essays The whole Mcas testing is simply the plot of anxious politicians trying to make themselves look appealing in the lime light. They put kids like us through this horrible stress and agony so they will have an education reform to make. They give huge curriculums that are near impossible to accomplish unless school was extended by 2 hours a day and by excluding summer vacation. Teachers are never ready to teach all of this, half of it they were never taught themselves. Also, making it a requirement to pass high school is eronious. To say that a child has to know the field excavation plan of a ecologically stable grassland is completely irrelevant to the future they may plan in culinary arts. The MCAS are unfair, outrageous, and just a way for politicians to boost their ...

Sex and Teenagers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sex and Teenagers - Research Paper Example Conversely, some of humanity’s earliest attempts at science and philosophy were naturally religious and social in origin. As a direct function of this, it becomes clearly obvious that the extent to which culture and religion impacts upon a society with regards to defining appropriate mores of psychological development are not by nature inherently good or bad; rather, they merely exhibited an outdated and oftentimes faulty form of defining and constraining human development and behavior. One of the most sensitive forms of human development and behavior that can be discussed is with regards to sexual development. Due to the litany of different approaches, both liberal and exceedingly conservative, that exist concerning sexual development, it comes as no surprise that the level of deviation that exists between cultures the scientific communities, and different religious perspectives is extraordinarily broad. Through such an analysis, and more appropriate definition of sexual deve lopment within the teenage years, it is the hope of this author that the reader will be able to come to a more profound understanding of why many of the cultural norms and mores are able to impact individuals with regards the way in which sexuality and development is viewed by these stakeholders. Without question the society that we live in is one that is highly affected by marketing, media, and the representation of culture that we the individual is bombarded within on a daily level. Countless scores of research projects have been performed on the way in which individual integrate with these marketing ploys, the degree to which they allow marketing to affect their lives, and the percentage of income that such efforts are able to siphon off the viewer. Although this is a fascinating topic and doubtless deserves an even greater degree of analysis due to the fact that it segments many interrelated sectors of

Genetic disorders Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Genetic disorders - Research Paper Example The symptom was first described by British physician, Langdon Down (Web. Down Syndrome, n.d.). Symptoms People with Down Syndrome are typically short in stature, short neck, loose-jointed, particularly in ankles, they have broad skulls, wide nostrils, large tongues with a distinctive furrowing and stubby hands with a crease on the palm, curved "pinky" fingers, upward slanting eyes, shape of the ears are small, facial expressions are flat, weak muscles are responsible for the poor heart (responsible for congenital heart imperfections) and other organ development, white spots on iris. Such individuals display impaired mental abilities and require special training and care (Web. Down Syndrome, n.d.). Age of onset Down Syndrome is a birth defect which is influenced by the age of the mother. As the age of the mother progresses chances of birth defects augments. For instance, if the age of mother is 25 then chances of giving birth to the child with Down Syndrome is 1 in 1,250 where as if t he age of mother is 45 years, the chances of baby with Down Syndrome becomes 1 in 30 (Web. Down Syndrome, n.d.). Prevalence of Down Syndrome Down Syndrome is one of the most prevalent chromosomal condition. In 2004-2006, the national prevalence of the disease was 15 per 10,000 births (Web. National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, n.d.). Current Knowledge Trisomy 21 is a result of chromosome non-disjunction in one of the meiotic cell divisions. The non-disjunction event can occur in either parent, but more likely to occur in females. Congenital birth defects are difficult to treat still, with the prevalence of disease condition research studies are going on to formulate a definite cure for the disease condition. Prevalence of the Condition- Statistics reveal that there is 71 percent increase in the cases of Down Syndrome, in the year 1989-90, the number of cases reported were1,075; while in 2007-8 the number of cases increased to 1,843. One of the chief reason s is that women are more career oriented and delay is observed in starting family which is displayed through the comparative analysis, which display that women of 40 years has 16 percent more chances of having a baby with Down syndrome as compared to the women of the age group 25 years (Web. Down's Syndrome cases soar as women delay starting a family, 2009). However, lazy eyes could be rectified with the help of surgery. Considering the prevalence of Down Syndrome, numerous research projects are being carried out by Down Syndrome Research and Treatment Foundation (DSRTF), encompassing- Balancing Excitation and Inhibition- the project deals with the exploration of neural circuits that are responsible for the memory and learning of the individual, using excitatory and inhibitory inputs. The study is carried out using numerous subtypes of GABA-A receptors. Roche, an international pharmaceutical company in September 2011, initiated Phase-I clinical trials for a drug employed to assess t he protection and permissibility of the particle intended to deal with the behavioral and cognitive discrepancies related to Down Syndrome (Web. Active Research Projects, n.d). Restoring Neuronal Pathways- Down syndrome cases display stunted growth, however, certain cerebellar neurons are targeted to regulate the development of cerebellum to its normal state which directly influences the brain activity. The compound SAG is used

Las Vegas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Las Vegas - Essay Example We know our winning or losing is certain, yet wretch at the hollow glory gained by a shallow victory. Las Vegas explores the well-hidden lust that lies just beneath the sexually repressed exterior of the American public. This contradiction creates an illusion of sin and deviance that in reality stays just out of the grasp of the people wishing to partake of it. The closer the audience gets the more they discover there is nothing more that empty rooms surrounded by paper thin walls. Though the city appears to be rife with sex it is only an illusion created by the fantasy of violating our norms, which evaporates into a masquerade as inauthentic as the facade of any casino resort. America's fundamental belief in the Chrisitan values that the country was founded on are at the root of the illusion. People have a strong attraction to deviance yet live in a world where it is unacceptable by definition. In America, sex is the ultimate symbol of deviance. By European standards America is a modest country in terms of sexuality. In America, sex has become the Christian icon for the thing we want and the thing that is just not attainable. Ferrari and Ives write that, "We are a Puritan nation obsessed with sex, a self-proclaimed meritocracy that idolizes wealth, a hardworking, churchgoing, law-abiding people that can't wait to party all night long" (6). But the sex will have to remain a taboo to be meaningful, as it is the repression of sexuality that brings such glamour to it. "This paradoxical condition of being the aberration and yet, the dream, results in a Las Vegas that is disliked and rejected, yet seductive and pleasurable" (Firat 8). America is psychologically drawn to the forbidden fruit and at the same time is repulsed by it. People want it to be a reality but they pray that it is only a facade. Sexuality is an area where overindulgence is discouraged even while living in a society that praises consumer excess in the areas of wealth and avarice. Success in America is measured by how much materialism can be attained and flaunted. Yet, sex is the dirty little area where excess is truly taboo. Firat describes Las Vegas as "an aberration, where sleazy and illicit activities are sanctioned. Las Vegas is the excess of the American way of life, where many went to let go-the city of abandon" (8). However, norms and values as they relate to sex are not so easily abandoned in a culture that objects to even the most innocent public displays of affection. Sex in Las Vegas must necessarily remain a fantasy. These are the mixed messages that make Las Vegas a, "ridiculous manifestation of frustrated Puritanism" (Bouchet 7). People are praised for their love affections with their automobile and their public display of gluttony and greed, but expressions of sexual freedom need to remain hidd en behind the closed doors of the private mind. Sex is the one excess that American's will not emotionally tolerate and has become the national poster child for decadent behavior. It is the commodity of locker room talk and bathroom humor that is never brought into mixed company in the light of day. In Las Vegas it is expected that people will drink, gamble, and stay out all night. Family, friends, and society will excuse these violations of their personal norms. However, exploring the seamy underbelly of the sex trade would be

What Influences Juveniles to Join a Gang?

What Influences Juveniles to Join a Gang? When it comes to gangs, juveniles are the ones that are being lured in the most. You’ll come across a certain neighborhood and encounter juveniles that are almost around the age of 12-18. You may ask what influences them to be in a gang? Regardless of the many crimes and violations they’ll have to commit in order to be granted in. There’s been various studies out there that reveal so many factors that makes them want to become a part of these organizations. Some are: male partner gang involvement, disadvantaged neighborhoods, family structure and peer association. These factors tend to come into play often because of what these juveniles endure, personally, and makes them want to become a part of something that will give them a sense of power and acceptance. To start off, when it comes to knowing what a gang is, it can be defined in various ways. There’s no right definition but there are certain ways to describe what it is. In the textbook,† American Street Gangs†, they go into detail about how gangs are a group of people who band together for any number of reasons†. Which may include criminal activity, delinquency and rule of certain territories (neighborhoods). Here are some interesting statistics about gangs based on the Federal data (Justice.gov): America showed 95% of criminal activity was caused by youth gangs, youth gangs are more violent while engaging in illegal money-making activities, and has increased in gang violence especially within large cities. With all that being said, you can see how much of a negative impact gangs are making towards society and the youth. Female juveniles are also considered gang members and tend to join gangs because of relations to their boyfriend or partner. As stated in an article,† The Relationship Between Male Gang Involvement.†, it goes in depth with the idea that females whom are involved with gang members are highly likely to join a gang too, especially in ages between 13-17. The article points out important factors that come along with it, such as emotional abuse and how that can lead them to being gang-involved partners, they’ll seek comfort on being engaged in drug activity, crime and other acts that they’ve never done before. However, it’ll also cause negative outcomes such as mental risk factors, intimate partner violence and objectifying them as sex objects. This concludes that female juveniles who are involved with gang members, will most likely follow their steps out of love and respect, regardless of the outcomes. Another article that goes into detail of female juveni les in gangs, known as,† Female Gang Members†, tells us that throughout the years, rates on female juvenile gang activity have increased. An interesting quote I came across states, â€Å"they’re afraid of our gang, and because I’m in the gang, people show me respect and wont mess with me. I like that feeling of power†. With that being said, you can see how female juveniles feel when being involved in a gang. The sense of power and fear other people have towards them, contrary to not being in a gang and don’t get the respect they think they deserve. Another factor that influences juveniles to become a part of a gang is being in disadvantaged neighborhoods. When it comes to impoverished neighborhoods, more gang activity is being exposed because of the lack of resources the community has. In other words, gang members make money by the distribution of drugs and crimes, making people that’s in desperate need, become a gang member. The fact that neighborhoods play a huge role, environmental deterioration and social disorganization, as talked about in â€Å"Affiliation to youth gangs During Adolescence†, are the effects of an impoverished neighborhood. The views a juvenile has towards society are also important because if they feel a sense of unattachment towards their norms, it makes them want to engage in delinquency and crime. Gang organizations feel as if they have control of everything and run every block in the neighborhood. Why? Because of lack of social control and collective efficacy. Neighborhoods that are most impoverished, tend to be at risk of being controlled by youth gangs. These neighborhoods are seen as a playground for them, giving them access to hang around in every corner, playground and front porch because of the fact that people are scared of them and won’t do anything to interfere; not prevented. This concludes that juveniles that live in a disadvantaged neighborhood are more likely to get in a gang because that’s all they see around them, especially growing up, being exposed to gang activity at an everyday basis makes it difficult for them to avoid it. From a personal experience, I have lived in a neighborhood where there was gang activity everywhere you’d go. In the Little Village area, where I grew up, I’d see juveniles as young as 12-17 that would hang with the heads of gang members and follow the same steps they would. It was really upsetting seeing a 14-year-old boy on the corners selling drugs just to make dirty money, the reality of it was surreal. Family structure is one of the issues that occur the most. Many juveniles will experience lack of family support, love and guidance and can lure them away. Parental supervision tends to lessen when there’s problems such as: single parent households, parents being incarcerated, neglecting their child and relatives being involved in gangs. The loss of a father or mother figure can really have a negative impact on a juvenile, causing them to contribute to criminal activities and bad habits. Especially when it comes to losing a father figure, juveniles don’t have that strict supervision or support a man will give to his son contrary to a mother. In other words, family structure impedes socialization. In effect to that, juveniles will turn to gang organizations because they feel a sense of belonging, loyalty and connection, something they would look for within their family. In the textbook,† American Street Gangs†, it states a pretty compelling fact,† famil ies that can’t provide enough security or support so the gangs become their kind of surrogate family† (page 84). In other words, if you’re committed to the gang, they will reward you with protection, power and love. In the text, it defines what a gang is and what characteristics it consists of, which is a group of more than two members, fall within certain age groups, share a sense of identity, require permanence and most importantly are involved in criminal activity. With that being said, you can conclude that being in a gang, you have to follow strict regulations but also, there’s a sense of loyalty/trust, love, being respected/feared and actually feeling a part of something. Take for example, the Latin Kings. In a video Gangland, the show how much they value their gang members and look out for one another, but are very critical when it comes to anyone turning their back on them (distrust, snitching, which is telling on someone). Lastly, peer association is also one of the factors that influence gang membership. Nowadays, juveniles will make friends with anyone that shows them acceptance and since they tend to be susceptible, it’s easy for them to fall into temptation. A lot of gang members tend to recruit juveniles the most because they’ll do anything for money, power and the reputation. Take into consideration the differential association theory as a factor for antisocial behavior. Edwin Sutherland was a famous social theorist and came up with this theory, which he defines as, all behavior is learned. Such as: learning criminal behavior, process of communication within the gang, and getting to know the basic principles of a gang and incorporating it to their everyday lives and do everything that is expected of them. It can be seen as peer pressure but in this case, juveniles are committed to this. This theory best describes peer association because of the fact that many of these juveniles will do whatever it takes to become a gang member, they’ll endure any violation just to become one of them. Seeing gang members gain power and have all the things they desire, will definitely influence juveniles to want it as well. To conclude, juveniles tend to start being involved in gangs at such an early age despite the negative consequences they’ll face in the long run. Factors such as family structure, peer association, disadvantaged neighborhoods and relationships in gangs will definitely influence a juvenile to join these organizations at whatever cost. It’s important to take into consideration that most of this can be prevented with the right guidance and support from their family. Gang membership will only take you so far; death or in jail, just for their show and satisfaction and it’s really not worth it. References Flexon, J. L., Greenleaf, R. G., & Lurigio, A. J. (2012). The Effects of Self-Control, Gang Membership, and Parental Attachment/Identification on Police Contacts Among Latino and African American Youths.  International Journal Of Offender Therapy & Comparative Criminology,  56(2), 218-238. doi:10.1177/0306624X10394116 Dupà ©rà ©, V., Lacourse, É., Willms, J. D., Vitaro, F., Tremblay, R. E., Dupà ©rà ©, V., & Lacourse, E. (2007). Affiliation to youth gangs during adolescence: the interaction between childhood psychopathic tendencies and neighborhood disadvantage.  Journal Of Abnormal Child Psychology,  35(6), 1035-1045. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9153-0 Molidor, C. E. (1996). Female Gang Members: A Profile of Aggression and Victimization.  Social Work,  41(3), 251-257. King, K., Voisin, D., & Diclemente, R. (2015). The Relationship Between Male Gang Involvement and Psychosocial Risks for their Female Juvenile Justice Partners with Non-gang Involvement Histories.  Journal Of Child & Family Studies,  24(9), 2555-2559. doi:10.1007/s10826-014-0057-7 103. Gang Statistics. (n.d.). Retrieved April 25, 2018, from https://www.justice.gov/usam/criminal-resource-manual-103-gang-statistics Delaney, T. (2016).  American street gangs. Brantford, Ontario: W. Ross MacDonald School Resource Services Library. Health Issue: The Debate on Vaccinations Health Issue: The Debate on Vaccinations Current Trend in Health Care: MMR Vaccines Brittany Core Nothing is more heartbreaking than a young life that has been taken by the infection of a killer disease. Diseases kill children every year. Many diseases are bacteria, inhaled by the victim, infecting several areas of the body. The bacteria lives and grows while its victim dies. Other diseases are caused by viruses; a non-living infection that attacks the immune system and other living cells. Children are much more vulnerable to disease because of their weak immune systems. They’re weak because they have not lived life long enough to build immunities for such infections. However, in medicine, there are always risks. So, parents argue that vaccinations should not be mandatory for children. For many years, immunizations have continued to keep the spread of disease low. They have lowered the amount of deaths and saved lives. On the other hand, what if it was against families’ religion or they say their child is a â€Å"tough one† and they can handle the severe symptoms of disease? Those are the arguments made by people who believe that vaccines should not be mandatory for children. Are those arguments strong enough to counter all the children’s lives that have been saved by intelligent medicine? Unless America wants to unleash the beast of infectious killers, vaccinations for children should be mandatory to keep it from spreading and eventually killing. Research shows that the benefits of vaccination outweigh the risks because vaccines can prevent serious illness and disease in individuals, vaccinations can also prevent widespread outbreaks of diseases in populations and the side effect of vaccinations, though occasionally serious, are very rare. In 1912, measles became a nationally notifiable disease in the United States, requiring U.S. healthcare providers and laboratories to report all diagnosed cases (Measles History, 2014). In the first decade of reporting, an average of 6,000 measles-related deaths were reported each year (Measles History, 2014). In the decade before 1963 when a vaccine became available, nearly all children got measles by the time they were 15 years of age (Measles History, 2014). It is estimated 3 to 4 million people in the United States were infected each year. Also each year an estimated 400 to 500 people died, 48,000 were hospitalized, and 4,000 suffered encephalitis (swelling of the brain) from measles (Measles History, 2014). In 1954, John F. Enders and Dr. Thomas C. Peebles collected blood samples from several ill students during a measles outbreak in Boston, Massachusetts (Measles History, 2014). They wanted to isolate the measles virus in the student’s blood and create a measles vaccine. They succeeded in isolating measles in 13-year-old David Edmonston’s blood (Measles History, 2014). In 1963, John Enders and colleagues transformed their Edmonston-B strain of measles virus into a vaccine and licensed it in the United States (Measles History, 2014). In 1968, an improved and even weaker measles vaccine, developed by Maurice Hilleman and colleagues, began to be distributed (Measles History, 2014). This vaccine, called the Edmonston-Enders (formerly â€Å"Moraten†) strain has been the only measles vaccine used in the United States since 1968 (Measles History, 2014). The MMR shot protects your child from measles, a potentially serious disease (and also protects against mumps and rubella), prevents your child from getting an uncomfortable rash and high fever from measles, keeps your child from missing school or childcare and keeps you from missing work to care for your sick child (Vaccine and Immunizations, 2015). The measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine is recommended for children 12 months to 12 years old (MMR, 2013). Children should receive the first dose of mumps-containing vaccine at 12-15 months and the second dose at 4-6 years (Mumps Vaccination, 2012). All adults born during or after 1957 should have documentation of one dose (Mumps Vaccination, 2012). Adults at higher risk, such as university students, health care personnel, and international travelers, and persons with potential mumps outbreak exposure should have documentation of two doses of mumps vaccine or other proof of immunity to mumps (Mumps Vaccination, 2012). Pregnant women and persons with an impaired immune system should not receive the MMR vaccine (Mumps Vaccination, 2012). It is a single shot, often given at the same doctor visit as the varicella or chickenpox vaccine (MMR, 2013). Measles can be dangerous, especially for babies and young children (Vaccine and Immunizations, 2015). For some children, measles can lead to pneumonia, lifelong brain damage, deafness and death (Vaccine and Immunizations, 2015). Measles is a respiratory disease caused by a virus. The virus lives in the mucus in the nose and throat of an infected person (Measles, n.d). Measles remains a common disease in many countries throughout the world, including some developed countries in Europe and Asia (Measles, n.d). While the disease is almost gone from the United States, measles still kills nearly 200,000 people each year globally (Measles, n.d). However, children younger than 5 years of age and adults older than 20 years of age are more likely to suffer from measles complications (Measles, n.d). Measles virus causes rash, cough, runny nose, eye irritation, and fever (MMR Vaccine (Measles, Mumps, Rubella), 2015). It can lead to ear infection, pneumonia, seizures (jerking and staring), brain damage, and death (MMR Vaccine (Measles, Mumps, Rubella), 2015). Pregnant women can give birth prematurely or have a low-birth-weight baby (Measles, n.d). Mumps is a contagious disease that is caused by the mumps virus. The mumps virus affects the saliva glands, located between the ear and jaw, and may cause puffy cheeks and swollen glands (MMR, 2013). Mumps virus causes fever, headache, muscle pain, loss of appetite, and swollen glands (MMR, 2013). It can lead to deafness, meningitis (infection of the brain and spinal cord covering), painful swelling of the testicles or ovaries, and rarely sterility (MMR, 2013). Most people who have mumps will be protected (immune) from getting mumps again (Mumps Vaccine, 2006). There is a small percent of people though, who could get infected again with mumps and have a milder illness (Mumps Vaccine, 2006). Rubella, also known as German measles or three day measles is an infectious viral disease, but dont confuse rubella with measles, which is sometimes called rubeola (MMR, 2013). The two illnesses share similar features, including a characteristic red rash, but they are caused by different viruses (MMR, 2013). Rubella virus lives in the mucus in the nose and throat of infected persons (MMR, 2013). Rubella is usually spread to others through sneezing or coughing. In young children, rubella is usually mild, with few symptoms. They may have a mild rash, whichusually starts on the face and then spreads to the neck, chest, arms, and legs, and it lasts for about three days (MMR, 2013). A child with rubella might also have a slight fever or other symptoms like a cold. Adults are more likely to experience headache, pink eye, and general discomfort one to five days before the rash appears (MMR, 2013). Adults also tend to have more complications, including sore, swollen joints, and, less commonl y, arthritis, especially in women (MMR, 2013). A brain infection called encephalitis is a rare, but serious, complication affecting adults with rubella (MMR, 2013). However, the most serious consequence from rubella infection is the harm it can cause to a pregnant womans unborn baby (MMR, 2013). Measles spreads when a person infected with the measles virus breathes, coughs, or sneezes (Vaccine and Immunizations, 2015). It is very contagious. A person can catch measles just by being in a room where a person with measles has been, up to 2 hours after that person is gone, and you can catch measles from an infected person even before they have a measles rash (Vaccine and Immunizations, 2015). Almost everyone who has not had the MMR shot will get measles if they are exposed to the measles virus (Vaccine and Immunizations, 2015). Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine can protect children and adult from all three of these diseases. Thanks to successful vaccination programs these diseases are much less common in the U.S. than they used to be, but if we stopped vaccinating they would return (MMR, 2013). Between 2000 and 2007, the number of measles cases reached a record low, with only 37 cases being reported in 2004 (Medical News Today, 2015). Last year saw the highest number of reported measles cases in the US since the virus had been declared eliminated (Medical News Today, 2015). There were 23 measles outbreaks in 2014 causing 644 people to become infected (Medical News Today, 2015). According to the CDC, the majority of these cases were brought into the country by travelers from the Philippines (Medical News Today, 2015). Where a large outbreak of the virus was occurring at the time and most of the people who became infected in the US were part of unvaccinated Amish communities in Ohio, but while last years statistics seem bad, this years are set to be even worse (Medical News Today, 2015). Last month alone saw 102 measles cases reported over 14 US states, including California, Texas and Washington (Medical News Today, 2015). The majority of these cases are thought to have stemm ed from Disneyland, CA, where a number of people reported developing the virus after visiting the amusement part in mid-December (Medical News Today, 2015). If you dont have insurance or if your insurance does not cover vaccines for your child, the Vaccines for Children Program may be able to help (CDC, 2015). The Vaccines for Children (VFC) program provides vaccines for children who are uninsured, Medicaid-eligible, or American Indian/Alaska Native (CDC, 2015). No federal vaccination laws exist, but all 50 states require certain vaccinations for children entering public schools (State Laws: Vaccines and Requirements, 2014). Vaccination coverage in America has been historically high as a result of school requirements, caregiver intervention with vulnerable populations, and seasonal influenza-shot drives, but it still falls short (MMR, 2013). Physicians or other providers must provide the current Vaccine Information Statement (VIS) each time they administer a vaccine covered under the National Vaccine Injury or purchased through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention grant (Kimmel Wolfe, 2005). They must record in each patients medical record the date of administration, the vaccine manufacturer, the lot number, and the name and business address of the provider, along with the edition of the VIS that was given and the date on which the vaccine was administered (Kimmel Wolfe, 2005). An effective interaction can address the concerns of vaccine supportive parents and motivate a hesitant parent towards vaccine acceptance (Leask, Kinnersley, Jackson, Cheater, Bedford Rowles, 2012). Conversely, poor communication can contribute to rejection of vaccinations or dissatisfaction with care and health professionals have a central role in maintaining education (Leask et al., 2012). These concerns will likely increase as vaccination schedules inevitably become more complex, and parents have increased access to varied information through the internet and social media (Leask et al., 2012). In recognition of the need to support health professionals in this challenging communication task conducted in usually public trust in vaccination; this includes addressing parents’ vaccine concerns (Leask et al., 2012). There are several reasons why parents are choosing not to vaccinate their children. Parents who decided not to give their child MMR were concerned that the vaccine might cause a reaction in their child (Immunizations, n.d). Most children who have the MMR vaccine do not have any problems with it, or if reactions do occur they are usually mild (Immunizations, n.d). Parents were concerned that the long-term effects of the combined MMR vaccine were not known (Immunizations, n.d). Other reasons given for deciding not to go ahead with MMR were concern about the ingredients of the vaccines and that live vaccines were used and that these would be too much for a childs body to cope with (Immunizations, n.d). A very small number of parents personally believed that immunity derived from actually having the disease was more effective than the immunity obtained from vaccines (Immunizations, n.d). There is no scientific evidence that MMR vaccine causes autism. The suggestion that MMR vaccine might lead to autism had its origins in research by Andrew Wakefield, a gastroenterologist, in the United Kingdom (DPH, 2013). In 1998, Wakefield and colleagues published an article in The Lancet claiming that the measles vaccine virus in MMR caused inflammatory bowel disease, allowing harmful proteins to enter the bloodstream and damage the brain (DPH, 2013). The validity of this finding was later called into question when it could not be reproduced by oth ­er researchers (DPH, 2013). In addition, the findings were further discredited when an investigation found that Wakefield did not disclose he was being funded for his research by lawyers seeking evidence to use against vaccine manufacturers (DPH, 2013). Wakefield was permanently barred from practicing medicine in the United Kingdom (DPH, 2013). There will always be some cases of measles in the US, as it can still be brought into the country by individuals from other countries who have not been vaccinated. The CDC says the MMR vaccine is safe, and one dose of the vaccine is around 93% effective at preventing measles, while two doses is approximately 97% effective (Medical News Today, 2015). Immunization is the only effective way of protection for children against these diseases because children’s immune systems are defenseless against them because they are not fully developed yet, and once infected in most cases there is no cure or at least a very low chance of one. References Center for Disease Control (2015, February 5). Retrieved March 18, 2015, from http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/measles/fs-parents.html DPH: Infectious Diseases. (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2015 http://www.ct.gov/dph/cwp/view.asp?a=3136q=397352 Immunization. (n.d.). Retrieved March 18, 2015, from http://www.healthtalk.org/peoples-experiences/pregnancy-children/immunisation/deciding-not-give-my-child-mmr-measles-mumps-and-rubella Kimmel, S. R., Wolfe, R. M. (2005). Communicating the benefits and risks of vaccines. The Journal of Family Practice, 54(1 Suppl), S51-S57 State Vaccines and requirements. (2014, December 12). Retrieved March 22, 2015, from http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/imz-managers/laws/state-reqs.html Leask, J., Kinnersley, P., Jackson, C., Cheater, F., Bedford, H., Rowles, G. (2012). Communication with parents about vaccination: a framework for health professionals. BMC Pediatrics, 12154. doi:10.1186/1471-2431-12-154 Measles History. (2014, November 3). Retrieved March 18, 2015, from http://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/history.html Medical News Today (2015, February 5). Retrieved March 18, 2015, from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/289060.php MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) Vaccine. (2013, June 18). Retrieved March 18, 2015, from http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/mmr.html MMR Vaccine Does Not Cause Autism Examine the Evidence! Retrieved March 19, 2015, from http://www.immunize.org/catg.d/p4026.pdf Mumps Vaccine. (2006, October 16). Retrieved March 22, 2015, from http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/mumps/vac-faqs.htm Mumps Vaccination. (2012, July 2). Retrieved March 22, 2015, from http://www.cdc.gov/mumps/vaccination.html Vaccine and Immunizations. (2015, February 5). Retrieved March 22, 2015, from http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/measles/fs-parents.html Measles. (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2015, from http://www.vaccines.gov/diseases/measles/index.html MMR Vaccine (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella): MedlinePlus Drug Information. (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2015, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a601176.html

The Great Gatsby : The American Dream :: essays research papers

In The Great Gatsby, one of the predominant themes is the death of thee American dream. In this, F. Scott Fitzgerald is showing how the American dream has become corrupt and that the dream is dead.. The Great Gatsby took place in the roaring twenties. A time when man no longer found happiness in simple pleasures like he did once such as life liberty and the pursuit of happiness. This is when the first breakdown in the American dream occurred. The idealization of the American dream was over, people took what they were born with for granted and did not miss what the never had. Things that the dream stood for such, as life was not an issue that people talked about. There was an unspoken silence of live and let live even though there was vast amounts of discrimination. Liberty, a thing taken for granted since all born on American soil are free men and women, thus no one cherishes that part of the dream either. The pursuit of happiness is befuddling. Daisy makes this clear by saying 'Your revolting'; to tom. Obviously she's unhappy with tom yet she wont leave him for Gatsby. Daisy made this clear when Gatsby gave her the ring and she wouldn't ware it. And she said 'be my friend, be my lover'; meaning she wanted him yet she wanted her life of flirting with the in crowd more then she loved Gatsby. However this is a generation that is comparable to our generation x children in how lazy they were. The roaring twenties was an era off sophistication, technology and leisure. People had what they had ant what they didn't the lived with out. The American dream itself is idealized. It was first thought of during the American Revolution as a way to keep spirits up. The motto, life liberty and the pursuit of happiness is not by any means a dream but an aspect of a way to make a certain reality for oneself. Then as time went on, the time period to actually make this dream a reality was passed over, people no longer lived a hard life or struggled for freedom. So the dream itself got left behind. We idealized it and later in the roaring twenties, that idealization was recognized by F Scott Fitzgerald. The Great Gatsby was Fitzgerald's cry out to the American people. A metaphor intended to make people aware that they had forgotten about the true pleasures in life and that they were wrapped up in the material world.

Healthcare System In Hongkong Health And Social Care Essay

2. Public health care services in Hong Kong are to a great extent subsidized by the Government. However, with the ageing population and increasing medical costs, the public outgo on health care is estimated to increase at a much faster gait than the economic system in the coming old ages. With the existent figure that the public wellness outgo may turn from 2.9 % of in 2004 to 5.5 % of GDP by 2033, it is clear that the bing funding theoretical account is non sustainable. Auxiliary funding for health care is needed to supplement authorities ‘s outgo on health care services and for the longaˆ?term sustainability of our health care system.THEMEDICAL CHARGE IN HONG KONG3. The medical services in Hong Kong are provided by the public and private sector. The medical charge in Hong Kong can be divided into two facets: Government or Public Services and Private Service. Government or Public Services 4. Government or Public Services are provided by the Department of Health ( DH ) and the Hospital Authority ( HA ) . Medical charges of common out-patient and in-patient interventions are as follow: intervention at a authorities general out-patient clinic costs $ 45 for Hong Kong occupants ; specializer clinic for audience costs $ 100 for the first attending, $ 60 for followup and $ 10 per drug point ; free intervention for instances of TB, leprosy, genital disease, and pregnancy and kid wellness counsel ; the admittance fee of in-patients in public infirmaries is $ 50, while busying acute beds and non-acute beds are charged $ 100 and $ 68 per twenty-four hours severally. The above charges may be waived if patient can non afford them. 5. Apart from general out-patient and in-patient services, the DH and the HA besides provide Chinese medical specialty services and Student Healthcare Services to the populace. Chinese Medicine Centres will bear down patients $ 120 with two doses of Chinese herb for a intervention per visit. Healthcare services for pupils are free of charge. Immunizations against 10 childhood infective diseases are free as good. Family be aftering service is besides available in maternal and child wellness Centres at a charge of $ 1 for every visit. Private Servicess 6. Apart from authorities or public services, private medical services besides lead an of import function in Hong Kong ‘s health care system of. However, fees charged by private practicians vary and separate charges are frequently made. Patients are normally required to pay excess fees on services like research lab trials and X-ray scrutinies. With mention to the Report of Doctors ‘ Fees Survey 2010[ 1 ], the medians of some common out-patient and in-patient charges are as follow: audience fees for general patterns and specializer patterns are charged $ 200 and $ 575 severally ; day-to-day infirmary attending charge varies from $ 700 to $ 2,000, runing from remaining in ward to excellent individual suites ; surgical operations charges from $ 4,000 to $ 50,000, runing from degree 6 to level 1 surgeries. Other services such as vaccinums, composing medical studies and finishing insurance claim signifiers are charged individually and the fees varied.PUBLIC CONSULTATION7. We h ave conducted two intensive public audiences in order to roll up sentiments from every sector of our society about the health care system. 8. The first phase audience showed that the biggest concerns of the populace were ageing population and increasing medical costs. A comprehensive reform was needed to run into both challenges. The populace expected that the health care reform will make a long-run sustainable system. The bulk of people agreed that the reform should concentrate on both service bringing and funding agreements. Among the six possible auxiliary funding options, the populace expressed divergent positions over the voluntary private wellness insurance and compulsory private wellness insurance. Some doubted the effectivity of the mandatary health care insurance and voted for the voluntary strategy. 9. In the 2nd phase audience, the demand of reform to our health care system is confirmed. The populace called for auxiliary health care funding, and wider picks and better protection in health care services. Therefore, the Government has formulated proposals to reform our health care system and modulating voluntary wellness insurance. The public came to a consensus that the manner of health care insurance should be voluntary. Based on the community ‘s positions, the public support is the chief support beginning for health care. Individualised health care and wider pick with quality confidence to suit everyone ‘s demand were preferred. 10. There was a widely shared concern over the sustainability and the security of the health care insurance system. The Government warrants that the strategy provides uninterrupted protection for participants into their older ages. Besides, the strategy is standardised and regulated by the Government, so as to safeguard the insured involvements harmonizing to the jurisprudence.PROPOSED VOLUNTARY HEALTH INSURANCE SYSTEM11. Auxiliary funding is an indispensable constituent of the wellness attention financing reform. The signifier of auxiliary funding is an of import determination as it non merely influences the present community, but our future coevalss. Among the six possible auxiliary funding options, the Government decided to set forward the voluntary wellness insurance system as a portion of the wellness attention financing reform. 12. The proposed Health Protection Scheme ( HPS ) is a strategy that standardizes and regulates the voluntary private wellness insurance. Unlike other voluntary private wellness insurance in current market, insurances under the HPS is regulated to accept all endorsers and offer no exclusion of preexistent medical conditions with guaranteed reclamation for life. The pick of taking out insurance is voluntary either by persons or employers. The premium is based on the endorser ‘s pick and affordability. Subscribers will so hold a better entree to healthcare services under the HPS, and they would non detain primary attention until their unwellnesss worsen. Under the HPS, no one shall be left enduring from disease due to miss of fiscal agencies to pay for health care. Compared to the bing funding theoretical account, the voluntary wellness insurance system ensures effectual pooling and sharing of the health care hazards for persons. 13. Voluntary wellness insurance system aims at supplying the community with better picks for health care protection and heightening the longaˆ?term sustainability of our health care system. The insured are allowed to take both public and private health care services. Persons who can afford could utilize private health care on a sustained footing and even take top-up insurance programs to accommodate their ain demands. By promoting more people to take private health care services, the voluntary strategy can cut down the force per unit area on the public system. The public system could profit those who depend on the populace health care system by concentrating its resources on mark service countries and population groups, particularly low-income households, under-privileged groups and other needy. 14. The footings and definitions of the wellness insurance policy are standardized. Insurance companies take parting in the HPS are required to offer standard wellness insurance programs that follow the specified regulations and demands. However, the insurance companies are free to offer top-up benefits beyond the nucleus demands and specifications, so as to accommodate consumers ‘ demands. The HPS programs are required to supply coverage for hospital admittances or ambulatory processs, and its associate services like specialist outaˆ?patient audiences and probes, advanced diagnostic imagination. Chemotherapy or radiation therapy for malignant neoplastic disease is besides included in the nucleus demands of the program. However, primary attention, specializer services and diagnostic imagination in general, and pregnancy coverage are non included as the program ‘s nucleus demand. Insurance programs under the HPS are besides portable between insurance companies and on g o forthing employment. The insured are able to maintain their wellness insurance policy for every bit long as they want, it will non be affected if they change occupations. Unlike the bing wellness insurance, insurance companies under the HPS could exchange their programs to another insurance company or go on their programs after retirement with no loss in coverage. 15. The Government has planned to utilize $ 50 billion financial modesty as fiscal inducements to back up the health care reform. Fiscal inducements are given to protect the bad persons, to offer premium price reduction for new endorsers and to lend to the salvaging constituent of the HPS programs.Decision16. The Government will widely publicise the voluntary wellness insurance and beg public support for our attempts to better the health care in Hong Kong. Any question on this brief may be addressed to Ms Li Wan-in, Assistant Secretary for Food and Health Bureau on 3150 8494.Food and Health Bureau22 October 2010

Free Essays on Black Boy Essay

â€Å"I declare unabashedly that I like and even cherish the state of abandonment... it seems the natural, inevitable condition of man, and I welcome it...†. This statement means that he liked being alone. As a child he had to deal with abandonment from his father and having to leave his home and live with his aunt and uncle. He is probably used to being alone when he was a child. When he was young the adults in his life did not pay attention to him. So, he is used to having no one take care of him. Richard does not think there is anything wrong with abandonment, which is why he welcomes it and he thinks it is natural for a man. Even when he joins the communist group he left because the other members did not approve of him reading books that are not communist. I have discussed why I feel that Richard cherishes the state of abandonment and how his life when he was a child has effected how he feels about abandonment.... Free Essays on Black Boy Essay Free Essays on Black Boy Essay â€Å"I declare unabashedly that I like and even cherish the state of abandonment... it seems the natural, inevitable condition of man, and I welcome it...†. This statement means that he liked being alone. As a child he had to deal with abandonment from his father and having to leave his home and live with his aunt and uncle. He is probably used to being alone when he was a child. When he was young the adults in his life did not pay attention to him. So, he is used to having no one take care of him. Richard does not think there is anything wrong with abandonment, which is why he welcomes it and he thinks it is natural for a man. Even when he joins the communist group he left because the other members did not approve of him reading books that are not communist. I have discussed why I feel that Richard cherishes the state of abandonment and how his life when he was a child has effected how he feels about abandonment....

Equilibrium Concentration Example Problem

Equilibrium Concentration Example Problem This example problem demonstrates how to calculate the equilibrium concentrations from initial conditions and the reactions equilibrium constant. This equilibrium constant example concerns a reaction with a small equilibrium constant. Problem: 0.50 moles of N2 gas is mixed with 0.86 moles of O2 gas in a 2.00 L tank at 2000 K. The two gasses react to form nitric oxide gas by the reactionN2(g) O2(g) ↔ 2 NO(g).What are the equilibrium concentrations of each gas?Given: K 4.1 x 10-4 at 2000 K Solution: Step 1 -Â  Find initial concentrations: [N2]o 0.50 mol/2.00 L [N2]o 0.25 M [O2]o 0.86 mol/2.00 L [O2]o 0.43 M [NO]o 0 M Step 2 -Â  Find equilibrium concentrations using assumptions about K: The equilibrium constant K is the ratio of products to reactants. If K is a very small number, you would expect there to be more reactants than products. In this case, K 4.1 x 10-4 is a small number. In fact, the ratio indicates there are 2439 times more reactants than products. We can assume very little N2 and O2 will react to form NO. If the amount of N2 and O2 used is X, then only 2X of NO will form. This means at equilibrium, the concentrations would be [N2] [N2]o - X 0.25 M - X[O2] [O2]o - X 0.43 M - X[NO] 2XIf we assume X is negligible compared to the concentrations of the reactants, we can ignore their effects on the concentration[N2] 0.25 M - 0 0.25 M[O2] 0.43 M - 0 0.43 MSubstitute these values in the expression for the equilibrium constantK [NO]2/[N2][O2]4.1 x 10-4 [2X]2/(0.25)(0.43)4.1 x 10-4 4X2/0.10754.41 x 10-5 4X21.10 x 10-5 X23.32 x 10-3 XSubstitute X into the equilibrium concentration expressions[N2] 0.25 M[O2] 0.43 M[NO] 2X 6.64 x 10-3 MStep 3 - Test your assumption:When you make assumptions, you should test your assumption and check your answer. This assumption is valid for values of X within 5% of the concentrations of the reactants.Is X less than 5% of 0.25 M?Yes - it is 1.33% of 0.25 MIs X less than 5% of 0.43 MYes - it is 0.7% of 0.43 MPlug your answer back into the equilibrium constant equationK [NO]2/[N2][O2]K (6.64 x 10-3 M)2/(0.25 M)(0.43 M)K 4.1 x 10-4The value of K agrees with the value given at the beginning of the problem. The assumption is proven valid. If the value of X was greater than 5% of the concentration, then the quadratic equation would have to be used as in this example problem. Answer: The equilibrium concentrations of the reaction are[N2] 0.25 M[O2] 0.43 M[NO] 6.64 x 10-3 M

Leadership Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leadership - Term Paper Example He has enough self-esteem in that he believes in his ideas and capabilities. For example, he is able to stick to his decisions, without letting others overpower him. He is extremely intelligent in understanding situations and acting accordingly. For example, he quickly understands conflicts and reaches the best solution. However, he is not extraverted. This enables him to maintain a distance between him and employees. For example, he does not attend parties that employees throw at their homes. He has enough conscientiousness. He is very considerate toward ethical and legal issues of a situation. For example, he always pays salaries in time. Bob is not open to experience. He is shy of trying new things. For example, he sticks to his technique of communicating face-to-face with employees rather than trying video conferencing. Trait Theory- Manager 2 (Ronald) Ronald is deficient in integrity in that he does not bother about sticking to principles. For example, he is in a relationship wi th a female coworker, when workplace relationships are prohibited in the company. He lacks self-esteem because he does not care about how others judge him. For example, he was caught dating on site, but showed no regrets, and continued dating. However, he is extremely intelligent in understanding the nature of problems. ... For example, he has been charged due to having involved in gender discrimination. He is open to experience. He is imaginative, and is not concerned about what people think of him. For example, he tries new ways of conflict resolution rather than sticking to older ones. Acquired Needs Theory- Manager 1 Bob shows his need to become authoritative, powerful, and influential. For example, he wants to make his voice heard in front of opposition, and wants to be given value. He is very much achievement oriented. He seeks to achieve his goals through hard work and endurance. He looks forward to upward progress in his job. For example, he becomes happy when he accomplishes a milestone within deadline. Bob also needs affiliation in that he tries to develop friendly work relations, despite being an introvert. He urges to keep workplace environment happy. For example, he regularly calls all employees individually to himself, listens to their work and family problems, and tries to solve them. Acq uired Needs Theory- Manager 2 Ronald is power-oriented. He shows his need to be powerful by taking charge of teams. He shows authority while resolving conflicts. For example, once resolving a conflict between two parties, he presented his solution, and forced the parties to accept it. However, he does not seem to be focused on achievement. He does not seem to wish for upward progress. For example, he does not care about deadlines, and is often asking for new ones from the customers. He, also, does not need affiliation. He does not try to foster healthy relationships with labor. Although he is an extravert, yet he is not very liked among lower class workers, like canteen boys and sweepers. For example, he is often found yelling at the peon. Summary:

Cause and effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Cause and effect - Essay Example Now, that Nancy finds it difficult to walk because of her obesity, her parents intend to sue one of the popular fast food restaurants in town. Parents and not the fast food restaurants are to be blamed for child obesity which makes them sluggish and lowers their self-esteem. Wealth causes parents to be unnecessarily fulfilling towards the demands of their children. In the case under discussion, Nancy’s parents have wealth. According to them, having wealth means one should get all one wishes for. They feel blessed that they are rich and are able to use their money to fulfill every demand of their child. In addition to that, there are several other factors that increase the tendency of rich children to become obese. There are servants to serve them, so they do not have to move much. Moreover, parents remain on work for most of the time. Lack of parental attention causes children to set patterns for themselves, like Nancy did in this case. Obesity is common in rich people because the lifestyle is conducive for that. Later, when they discover that their child is harmed by the junk food consumption, they tend to use their money to sue the fast food restaurant. ... It is the parents that fundamentally set the pattern for their children. Therefore, parents are to be blamed for the unhealthy eating habits of their children. They should not have fulfilled their daughter’s desire for junk food day and night. Instead, they should have inculcated the habit of consuming fresh fruits and vegetables in her. Much of the wrong eating habits of Nancy can be attributed to her parents. What makes it worse is that instead of realizing where the problem roots, the parents decide to sue the fast food restaurant they make a regular customer of. This is a mere wastage of time and money and a very useless way of solving the problem. Obesity lowers an individual’s self-esteem by way of added laziness. Obesity is fundamentally the name of condition in which an individual gains weight without increasing the height. The increase of weight makes the individual sluggish and laggard. In the case under consideration, Nancy can not participate in the marathon race in the school because she is too obese for that. What to talk of running, Nancy can hardly even walk with the speed, energy and agility with which girls of her age normally do. In her home, she keeps sitting on her bed all day long. She does not even bother to make it to the fast food restaurant. Instead, she makes use of the free home delivery service most fast food restaurants provide their customers with. Now, that she weighs 70 kilos in the tenth year of her life, she can not be involved in many physical activities. Her obesity has become her weakness. Her friends make fun of her and call her names. Nancy gets emotionally hurt by such attitude of her class fellows, and prefers to stay alone. Over the years, she has become a loner. She remains alone in

Company Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Company Law - Essay Example This manifest prominently amid the utilization of any assets, opportunity, or information and fails to link to a clash of interest flowing from a transaction or pact with the company or in the events in which the subject has been permitted by the company’s directors (Davies 2012, p.8). Highlighting conflict of interest impacting on the director demands exploring whether the director engaged will obtain a substantial gain from the manifest conflict of interest. Background The decision that the directors’ duties should be codified was accompanied by the debate centring on the â€Å"stakeholder question.† This relates to the question on whose interests that companies should be run (whether the interests of the shareholders, the community, or employees). This debate centred on two approaches: The first school of thought detailed pluralism, which details that the role of the company centres on serving the interests of the multiple interest groups of stakeholders. As s uch, the duties of directors should be broadened to ensure that the directors respond to a broad collection of stakeholders other than shareholders (Lowry 2012, p.2). The second school of thought inclines towards the enlightened model maintaining that the function of the company hinges on generating value for the gain of shareholders while, simultaneously, matching the laid long-term objectives of the company, and associations that the company enjoys with other stakeholders inclusive of suppliers, community, employees, and others (Lacy 2002, p.154). At the height of debate, the Company Law Review settled for the enlightened shareholder approach, which appreciates the premise that it is the interests of the shareholders that should be placed first (Lowry 2012, p.3). The enlightened shareholder approach also recognizes that the company’s possibility for success anchors in maximizing on the relationships that the company enjoys various stakeholders groups. Discussion The orienta tion of the directors’ obligations embodies one of the most critical features prominently highlighted by the Company Law. The statutory scheme recognizes the directors’ roles outlined in C.2, Part 10 of the Company Act 2006. The title of â€Å"director,† in this case, is broadened to embrace shadow directors. The directors are required to conduct their duties as per the provisions detailed in C. 2, Part 10 of the Company Act 2006 to the company, instead of doing so for the shareholders and other stakeholders within the company (Arden 2007, p.162). The roles handed to the directors encompass aspects such as an obligation to act as per the applicable provisions of his/her powers detailed by the company’s constitution; a role to promote the long-term achievement of the company as perceived to be in good faith; an obligation to employ reasonable care, meticulousness, and skill; an obligation to manifest independent judgment; an obligation to evade conflict of interest where it may arise; an obligation not to acknowledge gains flowing from incidences such as secret commissions and bribes; and, an obligation to clarify on the interests amid the transactions (Calder 2008, p.59). Directors’ Duty to Act as per their Powers A company embodies a person and as such, ought to proceed as per the

Managing Health and Safety at Work Act Essay Example for Free

Managing Health and Safety at Work Act Essay Review of health and safety roles and responsibilities Identify 2 pieces of legislation relating to health, safety and welfare relevant to the workplace I have identified, The Health and safety at work act 1974 and Management health and safety at work regulations 1999. The health and safety at work act 1974 is the primary piece of legislation covering all work related health and safety in the UK. It sets out employers responsibilities for your health and safety at work. The Management of health and safety at work regulations make the assessment of risks a cornerstone of UK health and safety requirements. Duties statute law imposes on both the manager and the team and the managers responsibilities contained within the organisations health and safety policy. The most important responsibility as an employee is to take reasonable care of your own health and safety and if possible avoid wearing jewelry and tie hair back when using the machines. To take reasonable care not to put other people , fellow employees and members of the public at risk by what you do or dont do in the course of your work. You should co-operate with your employer, making sure you get proper training and you understand and follow the companys health and safety policies. An employee should never interfere with or misuse anything thats been provided for your health, safety or welfare. It is your duty to report any injuries, strains or illnesses you suffer as a result of doing your job. You should always tell your employer if something happens that might affect your ability to work eg becoming pregnant or suffering an injury. All employers must make the workplace safe and prevent risks to health and ensure that the machinery is safe to use, and that safe working practices are set up and followed. The employer needs to provide adequate first aid facilities and tell you about any potential hazards from the work you do and give you information, instructions, training and supervision as needed. Emergency plans need to be set up in case of emergency. Make sure that ventilation, temperature, lighting, and toilet, washing and rest facilities all meet health, safety and welfare requirements. Check that the right work equipment is provided and is properly used and regularly maintained. Ensure that the right warning signs are provided and looked after.Report certain accidents, injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences to either the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) or the local authority, depending on the type of business. Explain what is meant by a ‘competent person’ in your workplace A competent person is someone who has sufficient training and experience or knowledge and other qualities that allow them to assist members properly. The level of competence required will depend on the complexity of the situation and the particular help you need. When getting help you should give preference to those in your own organization who have the appropriate level of competence which includes the employer themselves before looking for help from outside. You must consult health and safety representatives in good time on the arrangements for competent help. Identify 2 ways you can provide health and safety information, instruction and training in your team One way you can provide health and safety information is by using leaflets and posters around the work place. You can get these from various sites including: Sector Skills Councils (www.sscalliance.org.uk); UK Commission for Employment and Skills (UKCES)(www.ukces.org.uk); trade unions or trade associations; further education colleges; private training organisations; independent health and safety consultants; employer bodies (eg Chambers of Commerce); and qualification-awarding bodies. To find a course leading to an accredited health and safety qualification look at the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority website www.qca.org.uk/qualifications. Secondly you could offer on the job training or classroom based learning individually or in groups. Computer based or interactive learning is a very fast, accurate and fun way of teaching the employees.